Omega-3 is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Different types of omega-3 include docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Omega-3 PUFAs are well-known for their wide range of health-supportive actions in the human body. These include supporting healthy function of the immune system and cardiovascular system, healthy responses to inflammation, healthy cognition, and healthy skin. Recent research has also explored the potential role of omega-3 in support of oral and periodontal health.

Periodontal health refers to the structures surrounding the teeth, which includes the supporting gums and bones. Periodontal disease is often associated with an inflammatory response and an infection. This disease may also be involved in age-related changes. Periodontal disease affects approximately 90% of individuals 65 years of age and older. According to the Centers for Disease Control, periodontal disease poses one of the biggest threats to dental health.

Higher dietary intakes of DHA have been associated with a lower incidence of periodontitis in some studies. A longitudinal study associated a decreased intake of omega-3 PUFAs with an increased intensity of periodontal disease. Research from a further exploration of the efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs for periodontal health was recently published in a systematic review and meta-analysis by Chatterjee and colleagues. The authors describe several randomized controlled trials, including one involving supplementation with 300 mg of omega-3 PUFAs for 12 weeks in individuals with chronic periodontitis. Study results indicated a significant improvement in certain markers related to periodontal health, including gingival index and pocket depth as compared to the control group. 

A similar randomized study administered 2.6 g of EPA and 1.8 g of DHA to the treatment group daily for 3 months. Statistically significant improvements were observed at the end of the treatment period in the clinical attachment level, which is a biomarker for periodontal health. A 6-month study also reported significant improvement in periodontal parameters and a change in interleukin (IL)-1 beta levels in the presence of omega-3 PUFA supplementation. IL-1β is associated with inflammation. 

A randomized controlled trial explored the efficacy of DHA on individuals with moderate periodontitis. The study included 58 participants who were randomly assigned to either the treatment arm with DHA plus aspirin or the control group with a placebo plus aspirin. The treatment arm showed significant improvements in mean gingival index and pocket depth as compared to the control group. Significant differences in IL-1β and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (another inflammatory marker) were also observed in the treatment group.

Omega-3 PUFAs support many facets of human health. Recent studies indicate they may also play a supportive role in oral and periodontal health. 

By Colleen Ambrose, ND, MAT